Cappadocia Underground Cities — Derinkuyu, Kaymakli & Hidden Worlds
Beneath the fairy chimneys and dramatic valleys of Cappadocia lies an equally extraordinary world underground. Ancient civilisations carved entire cities into the soft volcanic rock, creating multi-level complexes that could shelter thousands of people for months at a time. The underground cities of Cappadocia are among Turkey’s most fascinating archaeological wonders, and visiting them adds an unforgettable dimension to any Cappadocia trip. This guide covers the best underground cities, their history, and practical tips for visiting in 2026.
History of the Underground Cities
The underground cities of Cappadocia were first carved by the Hittites around 1500 BC, then significantly expanded by early Christians seeking refuge from Roman and later Arab persecution. The region’s soft tuff rock, formed from ancient volcanic eruptions, made it relatively easy to carve while being sturdy enough to support multi-story structures. More than 200 underground cities have been discovered in Cappadocia, though only a handful are open to visitors. At their peak, the largest complexes could accommodate up to 20,000 people and extended eight or more levels deep, reaching depths of 85 metres. These were not simple caves but fully functional cities with living quarters, kitchens, wine cellars, churches, stables, storage rooms, ventilation shafts, wells, and even schools. Massive circular stone doors that could only be rolled shut from the inside protected the entrances, and narrow tunnels connecting levels were designed so that only one person could pass at a time, making them easily defensible.
Derinkuyu Underground City
Derinkuyu is the deepest and most famous underground city in Cappadocia, extending 8 levels below the surface to a depth of approximately 85 metres. It could shelter an estimated 20,000 people along with their livestock and food stores. Visitors today can explore the first four to five levels, which include remarkably well-preserved living areas, a large church on the second floor with a barrel-vaulted ceiling, wine and oil presses, grain storage areas, and a cruciform church deeper underground. The ventilation shaft system is an engineering marvel, providing fresh air throughout all levels. Look for the large circular stone doors at each level, weighing up to 500 kilograms, that could seal off sections during attacks. Derinkuyu is located about 30 kilometres south of Goreme and is easily reached by car, tour bus, or local dolmus. Allow 45 minutes to an hour for a thorough visit. The entrance fee is approximately 10 euros.
Kaymakli Underground City
Kaymakli is the widest and most popular underground city, with a more complex horizontal layout spread across four open levels. It is believed to be the largest underground city in the region by total area, though it does not go as deep as Derinkuyu. Kaymakli features extensive storage rooms that give insight into how communities sustained themselves underground for extended periods. The kitchen areas with blackened ceilings from cooking fires, the horse stables with feeding troughs carved into the rock, and the church with its distinctive naves are highlights of the visit. Kaymakli is 20 kilometres south of Goreme and 9 kilometres north of Derinkuyu, making it easy to combine both in a half-day excursion. The entry fee is similar to Derinkuyu, and the visit takes about 30 to 45 minutes. The tunnels here are slightly wider than at Derinkuyu, making it marginally more comfortable for those who are anxious about tight spaces.
Other Underground Cities Worth Visiting
Beyond Derinkuyu and Kaymakli, several lesser-known underground cities offer a less crowded and sometimes more atmospheric experience. Ozkonak underground city, north of Avanos, has a unique communication system using holes between floors that functioned as speaking tubes. Mazi underground city features a large underground church with carved columns. Gaziemir underground city near Nigde has well-preserved tunnels and fewer visitors than the main sites. The recently discovered Nevsehir underground city, found during urban development work in 2013, may prove to be the largest of all, though excavation and study are still ongoing. For visitors who want to explore beyond the standard tourist route, these alternative underground cities provide a more intimate experience with the same sense of wonder.
Tips for Visiting
The underground cities stay at a constant cool temperature of around 13 to 15 degrees Celsius year-round, so bring a light layer even in summer. Wear comfortable shoes with good grip as the floors can be uneven and sometimes slippery. The tunnels are lit but can feel cramped in places, with some passages requiring you to duck or walk single file. If you are claustrophobic, be prepared for some tight sections, though the main pathways at both Derinkuyu and Kaymakli are manageable for most people. Visit early in the morning or late in the afternoon to avoid the midday tour bus crowds. Having a guide significantly enhances the experience, as the rooms look similar to the untrained eye but each served a specific purpose that a knowledgeable guide can explain. Most Cappadocia day tours include one underground city, usually Kaymakli or Derinkuyu.
Explore Cappadocia with Us
The underground cities are just one facet of Cappadocia’s incredible heritage. Combine them with a hot air balloon flight at sunrise, valley hikes through fairy chimneys, and cave hotel stays for the complete experience. Our Cappadocia tours include underground city visits with expert local guides who bring the ancient history to life. For a broader Turkish adventure, our 10-day Turkey itinerary combines Cappadocia with Istanbul, Ephesus, and Pamukkale.
